The Canaanites are believed to have originated from Arabia or nearby regions before settling in Palestine and the coastal areas of the Levant.

 They established independent cities such as Jericho, Megiddo, Shechem (Nablus), Jerusalem, and Jaffa. Speaking one of the oldest Semitic languages, the Canaanites left behind significant cultural contributions, including the firs alphabetic script, which played a pivotal role in the development of writing in the ancient world. 

The Babylonian Period (586 BCE):

The Babylonian Period: After the collapse of the Assyrian Empire, the Babylonians, under King Nebuchadnezzar II, took control of Palestine. In 586 BCE, they destroyed Jerusalem, demolished the Temple, and exiled many of the inhabitants to Babylon in what is known as the Babylonian Exile.

The Hellenistic Period- Greek (332 BCE):

This period began with Alexander the Great's entry into Palestine in 332 BCE, when the region came under Greek rule. After Alexander's death, his empire was divided among his generals, and control of Palestine alternated between the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucids of Syria. During this time, Hellenistic (Greek) culture spread, and new cities were established.

The Roman and Byzantine Periods (330 BCE):

The Romans occupied Palestine under the leadership of Pompey in 63 BCE, bringing the region under direct Roman rule. Significant historical events occurred during this period, such as the reign of King Herod the Great, who rebuilt the Temple; the birth of Jesus Christ in Bethlehem.

The Early Islamic Period (636 BCE):

Islam entered Palestine after the Battle of Yarmouk in 636 CE, under the leadership of the second Rightly Guided Caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab. The Covenant of Umar was established with the people of Jerusalem, guaranteeing the rights and religious freedoms of Christians. Palestine came under strong centralized administration as part of the Levantine region (Sham), and the process of Arabization began, along with the introduction of the Islamic administrative system.

The Umayyad Period (661- 750 BCE):

Jerusalem became an important religious center during the Umayyad era, when Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan built the Dome of the Rock in 691 CE. His son, al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, completed the construction of the Al-Aqsa Mosque. During this time, Palestine was a strategically important region both economically and commercially, due to its location between the Levant and Egypt.

The Abbasid Period (750- 1258 BC):

Palestine continued to be a commercial and religious center during the Abbasid period. However, over time, it began to lose its prominence as the center of power shifted to Baghdad. During this period, Palestine experienced several disturbances and external invasions, including the Qarmatian invasion. Abbasid control weakened, and their authority in the region gradually diminished, eventually ending in 1258 with the Mongol invasion of Baghdad.

The Fatimid Period (969- 1071 BCE):

Palestine came under the rule of the Shiite Fatimid Caliphate in 969 CE after they captured it from the Ikhshidid dynasty, which had governed as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Fatimids emphasized Jerusalem as a religious center, restoring Islamic landmarks such as the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque. However, their rule faced frequent challenges, including conflicts with the Seljuks, who briefly seized Jerusalem in 1071 CE. The Fatimids regained control in 1098 CE, but their weakened state paved the way for the First Crusade in 1099 CE, when the Crusaders captured Jerusalem, ending Fatimid rule in the region.

The Crusades (1099- 1291 CE):

The Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 CE during the First Crusade and established the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem as the center of Crusader rule in Palestine. They built numerous castles and fortresses to secure their territories, including Kerak Castle and Shobak Castle in modern-day Jordan.

In 1187 CE, Saladin, the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin and reclaimed Jerusalem. Despite this victory, Crusader presence in Palestine persisted, leading to subsequent Crusades.

The Third Crusade (1189–1192 CE) resulted in a treaty allowing Christian pilgrims’ access to Jerusalem, though the city remained under Muslim control. The Crusades in Palestine continued until 1291 CE, when the Mamluks captured Acre, marking the end of Crusader rule in the region.

The Mamluk Period (1260- 1517 CE):

The Mamluk rule in Palestine began in 1260 CE, following their victory over the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut, and lasted until 1517 CE. During this period, Palestine was divided into administrative districts (Iqtas) governed as part of the Damascus province. The Mamluks focused on urban development, constructing schools, markets, mosques, and inns to support trade and pilgrimage routes. Their rule ended with the Ottoman invasion in 1517 CE, when Sultan Selim I defeated the Mamluks at the Battle of Ridaniya, incorporating Palestine into the Ottoman Empire.

Egypt's Occupation of Palestine (1831- 1840 CE):

The instability in Palestine during Ottoman rule drew the attention of Muhammad Ali Pasha, who sought to expand his control. In 1831, his son Ibrahim Pasha led a campaign in the Levant, quickly capturing coastal cities from Gaza to Haifa with support from local leaders like Hussein Abd al-Hadi and Qasim al-Jama’ini. After a seven-month siege, Acre fell in 1832, and Ibrahim proceeded to Damascus.

Although Ibrahim Pasha introduced administrative reforms, including higher taxes, military conscription, and weapon confiscations, these measures provoked widespread rebellions in Nablus, Jerusalem, and Hebron in 1834. Leaders such as Qasim al-Jama’ini and Issa al-Barqawi resisted, but Ibrahim suppressed the revolts brutally, killing many rebels and enforcing strict control.

Egyptian rule extended beyond major cities into rural areas, where its policies fueled dissatisfaction. However, by 1840, following European intervention, Muhammad Ali Pasha withdrew from Palestine, and the Ottomans regained control.

A Unified Arab State (1840 CE):

European powers and the Ottoman Empire halted Muhammad Ali Pasha’s ambitions to create a regional empire encompassing Egypt, Palestine, and the Levant. In 1840, British and Austrian naval forces bombarded Beirut, Tyre, and Sidon by sea, while Ottoman troops advanced inland, capturing Hebron, Nazareth, and Tiberias. Facing mounting pressure, Ibrahim Pasha withdrew his forces from Palestine, restoring Ottoman rule with European support.

The Ottoman Period (1516- 1917 CE):

The Ottoman period in Palestine represents one of the longest continuous eras of rule in the region’s history, lasting nearly four centuries from 1516 AD to 1917 AD. After defeating the Mamluks in the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516 AD, the Ottomans incorporated Palestine into the Vilayet of Damascus, which was subdivided into Sanjaks, such as the Sanjak of Jerusalem and the Sanjak of Gaza.

The Ottomans supported Islamic religious institutions, expanded the waqf (charitable endowment) system, and preserved holy sites like Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock. They also safeguarded the rights of Christian and Jewish communities.

However, as the Ottoman Empire began to weaken, European powers gained political and religious influence in Palestine through foreign consulates, missionary activities, and support for local Christian and Jewish communities.

This shift contributed to changes in the social and political balance of the region. Palestine remained under Ottoman control until 1917 AD, when British forces captured Jerusalem during World War I, marking the end of Ottoman rule.

The First Jewish Settlements (1878 CE):

The first modern Jewish settlement in Palestine, Petah Tikva, was established in 1878, followed by the founding of Rishon LeZion in 1882. These settlements were part of the broader Zionist movement and the First Aliyah, a wave of Jewish immigration that sought to reclaim and cultivate land in Palestine, laying the groundwork for future Jewish communities in the region.

The Jewish State (1896 CE):

Published in 1896, The Jewish State by Theodor Herzl is one of the most important foundational texts of modern political Zionism. In this work, Herzl presented his vision for establishing an independent Jewish state as a solution to what was then referred to as "the Jewish Question." Herzl considered various geographical locations for this state, including Argentina, Uganda, and Palestine. Ultimately, The Jewish State became an ideological reference point for the broader Zionist movement, influencing its direction and policies.

The First Zionist Congress (1897 CE):

The First Zionist Congress was held in 1897 in Basel, Switzerland, where Theodor Herzl called for the establishment of a national homeland for Jews in Palestine. Representatives from Jewish communities around the world attended, and through this conference, the Basel Program was adopted. The program declared that Zionism sought to establish a homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine, guaranteed by public law. This conference marked a turning point in the history of Judaism, as it played a crucial role in consolidating the Zionist idea.

World War I (1914- 1918 CE):

Palestine was part of the Ottoman Levant province (Vilayet al-Sham), but it faced weak Ottoman administration and deteriorating economic conditions. When the Ottoman Empire joined Germany and the Central Powers in World War I, Palestine became a battleground between the Ottoman forces and the Allied forces. In December 1917, British forces, led by General Edmund Allenby, entered Jerusalem, marking a significant moment in the conflict.

The Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916 CE):

In 1916, during World War I, a secret agreement was made between Britain, France, and Tsarist Russia. The Sykes-Picot Agreement divided the territories of the Ottoman Empire, including Palestine, among the colonial powers. Under the terms of the agreement, Palestine was to be placed under international administration, acknowledging its religious and political significance. The northern regions, Syria and Lebanon, were allocated to France, while southern Palestine fell under British influence. This agreement marked the beginning of the division of the Arab world into colonial spheres of influence, leading to the loss of Palestinian control over their land.

The Balfour Declaration (1917 CE):

On November 2, 1917, British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour issued an official statement addressed to Lord Rothschild, leader of the Jewish community in Britain, expressing British support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people in Palestine." This declaration paved the way for Jewish immigration to Palestine with British backing, which gradually altered the region's demographic composition.

The statement reads as follows:

"His Majesty's Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine.

San Remo Conference (1920 CE):

The San Remo Conference, held from April 19 to 26, 1920, in San Remo, Italy, was a pivotal moment in Middle Eastern and world history following World War I. It brought together representatives from the victorious Allied Powers, including Britain, France, Italy, and Japan, to discuss the future of the territories that had been part of the now-collapsed Ottoman Empire.

During the conference, key decisions were made regarding the division of these territories, based on the interests of the major powers, under the framework of the mandate system established by the League of Nations. Among the most significant outcomes was the granting of the British Mandate over Palestine and Iraq, and the French Mandate over Syria and Lebanon.

The conference also reaffirmed the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which supported the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. This decision angered many Arabs and Muslims, who viewed it as a betrayal of the promises of independence made to them during the war.

The British Mandate (1922- 1947 CE):

After the end of World War, I and the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, Palestine came under British control through the mandate system established by the League of Nations in 1922. This mandate marked a pivotal turning point in Palestinian history, laying the foundations for the ongoing conflict over the land. The mandate document included Britain's commitment to implementing the Balfour Declaration, which promised the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. This decision sparked widespread resentment among Palestinians, who saw it as a betrayal of their aspirations for independence.

Herbert Samuel, a pro-Zionist Jew, was appointed as the first British High Commissioner for Palestine. During the mandate period, Britain facilitated Jewish immigration to Palestine and supported the creation of Zionist institutions, such as the Jewish Agency, which would become the nucleus for a future Jewish state. Furthermore, Britain allowed Jewish organizations to purchase land in Palestine, leading to the loss of Palestinian territories. These policies contributed to growing tensions between the Jewish and Arab populations and set the stage for the long-standing conflict over Palestine.

The Buraq Revolt (1929 CE):

The Buraq Revolt of 1929 was a significant uprising fueled by tensions surrounding the Buraq Wall in Jerusalem, known to Jews as the Wailing Wall. As Jewish immigration to Palestine increased under the British Mandate, tensions escalated due to Jewish attempts to assert control over the wall and establish it as a Jewish-only site. The situation intensified when Jews organized a large demonstration marking the anniversary of the destruction of the Temple, during which they raised the Zionist flag near the wall. This act provoked anger and resentment among Palestinians, who viewed it as an affront to their religious and national rights.

The violence quickly spread to other Palestinian cities, including Hebron, Jaffa, Safed, and Haifa, where violent confrontations erupted between the Jewish and Palestinian communities. In response, British forces intervened, siding with the Jewish community. During the unrest, three Palestinian men—Ataa al-Zayir, Muhammad Jamjoum, and Fuad Hijazi—were arrested and executed by the British authorities. These men became powerful symbols of Palestinian resistance and martyrs of the revolt. The Buraq Revolt was a key moment in the Palestinian struggle against both British colonial rule and the increasing Jewish presence in the region, marking a turning point in the growing tensions that would shape the future of the Palestinian cause.

The Shaw Commission (1930 CE):

Also known as the British Inquiry Commission, the Shaw Commission was established in 1930 to investigate the causes of the Buraq Revolt. The commission was formed in response to escalating tensions between Arabs and Jews in Palestine, particularly over the Buraq Wall (the Wailing Wall), which had been the site of violent confrontations resulting in hundreds of deaths on both sides. The British authorities tasked the commission with investigating the causes of the violence and recommending measures to prevent future outbreaks.

In its report, the commission concluded that the tensions were primarily driven by Arab fears over the increasing Jewish immigration to Palestine, which they saw as a threat to their national and religious rights. These fears were heightened by the British government's explicit support for Zionism through the Balfour Declaration. The commission recommended limiting and regulating Jewish immigration and ensuring the protection of Arab rights over their land and holy sites.

Although the report aimed to calm the situation, its findings failed to satisfy either side. Palestinians continued to oppose British policies and Jewish immigration, viewing them as a betrayal of their rights. Meanwhile, the Zionist movement saw the recommendations as an obstacle to their goal of establishing a Jewish state.

The Great Palestinian Revolt (1936- 1939 CE):

The Great Palestinian Revolt lasted from 1936 to 1939 and was rooted in several key factors, including the discriminatory policies of the British Mandate towards Palestinians, the increasing Jewish immigration to Palestine, and opposition to the Balfour Declaration.

The revolt began with a general strike across various Palestinian cities, affecting all economic sectors. This strike was a form of civil disobedience against both British rule and the Zionist movement. Following the strike, the revolt escalated into a more violent phase, with Palestinian groups launching attacks on Jewish settlements and British military forces. In response, the British used military repression to suppress the uprising.

During the revolt, several prominent Palestinian leaders emerged, including Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, who led armed resistance against British and Zionist forces; Hajj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem; and Fawzi al-Qawuqji, a military leader. Despite their efforts, the British eventually suppressed the revolt, but it had a lasting impact on the Palestinian national movement, setting the stage for continued resistance and the struggle for independence.

The Peel Commission (1936 CE):

Following the outbreak of the 1936 Palestinian Revolt against British colonial rule and the increasing Jewish immigration to Palestine, Britain established the Peel Commission (also known as the Royal Commission of Inquiry) in 1937. Chaired by William Robinson Peel, the commission was tasked with investigating the primary causes of the uprising and proposing potential solutions.

The commission conducted tours of Palestine and gathered opinions from various political factions, including Palestinian Arab leaders, Jewish representatives, and British officials. In its report, published in 1937, the Peel Commission recommended the partition of Palestine into two states: a Jewish state and an Arab state, with Jerusalem designated as an international zone under British administration.

The Peel Report was met with strong rejection from Palestinian Arabs, who opposed the idea of partition, viewing it as a recognition of Jewish claims to Palestinian land. They saw the proposal as a direct challenge to their aspirations for the independence and unity of Palestine. On the other hand, while the Jewish community initially welcomed the idea of a Jewish state, they had reservations about the plan, as the proposed borders for the Jewish state were seen as inadequate for their territorial ambitions.

The Peel Commission's partition proposal marked a significant turning point in the conflict, as it was the first time a major international body had formally suggested the division of Palestine, setting the stage for subsequent debates and conflicts over the future of the land.

The White Paper (1939 CE):

The White Paper was a document issued in 1939 by the British government, following the intensification of tensions between Arabs and Jews in Palestine under the British Mandate. It was created in response to the Arab revolt (1936-1939) and the increasing violence between the Jewish and Arab populations, as well as Arab demands to limit Jewish immigration and establish a national home for the Jews.

The main provisions of the White Paper included:

-        Limiting Jewish immigration to 75,000 over the next five years (after which further immigration would be subject to Arab consent).

-        Imposing strict restrictions on land purchases by Jews, especially in areas of Arab settlement.

-        Calling for the establishment of an independent Palestinian state within ten years, which would be a bi-national state (Arab and Jewish), with political authority resting in the hands of the indigenous Arab population.

The White Paper was generally welcomed by the Arabs, as it addressed some of their key demands, particularly regarding limiting Jewish immigration and land purchases. However, it was strongly rejected by the Jewish community, who viewed it as a backtrack on the Balfour Declaration, which had promised the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine.

World War II (1939- 1945 CE)

During World War II, Palestine was under British Mandate, making it strategically important to Britain in the Middle East. It became a key logistical hub for British forces in the region. Despite the restrictions on Jewish immigration imposed by the White Paper of 1939, Jewish organizations increasingly engaged in illegal immigration (Aliyah Bet) to Palestine, often with the help of underground networks.

The revelation of the Holocaust during the war led to widespread global sympathy for the Jewish people and significantly boosted support for the Zionist movement. After the war, the United States played a more prominent role in supporting the Jewish cause, putting additional pressure on Britain to change its policies regarding Jewish immigration and the future of Palestine. This shift in international dynamics marked a turning point in the conflict, as the Zionist movement gained momentum, while Britain struggled to maintain its control over the region.

The Alliance for the Establishment of a Jewish Homeland in Palestine (1942):

The Zionist Congress held in New York in 1942, known as the Biltmore Conference, was a significant event in the history of the Zionist movement, occurring during World War II. The conference, under the slogan "The Alliance for the Establishment of a Jewish Homeland in Palestine," was attended by numerous Zionist leaders from around the world.

The primary goal of the conference was to garner global support for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, especially given the dire circumstances in Europe due to the ongoing war. It also aimed to strengthen the position of the Zionist movement, as the war exposed the devastating consequences faced by Jews under Nazi Germany.

The conference marked a strategic turning point, with the announcement of the Zionist Declaration, which called for the acceleration of Jewish immigration to Palestine and the establishment of a Jewish national home there. The conference also saw strong American support for the idea of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine, coinciding with the growing backing of Zionism by the United States at the time. This support further boosted the momentum of the Zionist cause, aligning with the broader geopolitical shifts of the era.

The Partition Plan for Palestine- 181 (1947 CE):

UN Resolution 181, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on November 29, 1947, called for the partition of Palestine into two independent states: one Jewish and one Arab. The plan allocated approximately 55% of Palestine's land to the Jewish state and 45% to the Arab state. The resolution also proposed that Jerusalem be placed under international administration, due to its religious significance to Jews, Christians, and Muslims alike.

This decision came as a result of growing tensions in Palestine under British rule and the escalating conflict between Arabs and Jews over their competing claims to the land.

The Zionist movement supported the plan, seeing it as a step toward establishing a Jewish state. However, the Arab states and Palestinian leaders rejected the plan outright, considering it unjust and unfair. They argued that it would lead to the displacement of the Palestinian people and allow for the continued growth of Jewish immigration at the expense of the Arab population. The resolution’s adoption set the stage for further conflict, ultimately contributing to the outbreak of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War after the declaration of the State of Israel.

End of the British Mandate (1948 CE): 

After World War II, international pressure, particularly from the United States, to support the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine grew, partly due to the horrific impact of the Holocaust. At the same time, the military operations of Zionist groups such as the Hagenah and Irgun intensified, targeting British forces in Palestine in an effort to force Britain to withdraw.

In 1948, facing increasing challenges both from Jewish armed resistance and growing international demands, Britain announced the end of its Mandate over Palestine and withdrew its forces. This marked the end of British control and paved the way for the Declaration of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948, which led to the outbreak of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, as neighboring Arab states and Palestinian forces opposed the establishment of the Jewish state.

The Nakba (1948 CE):

The Nakba (meaning "catastrophe" in Arabic) refers to the mass displacement and tragedy experienced by the Palestinian people in 1948. This event led to the forced expulsion of more than 750,000 Palestinians from their homes, villages, and cities following the establishment of the State of Israel and the outbreak of the First Arab-Israeli War.

The Nakba resulted in what is known as forced displacement, where hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were compelled to leave their homes, leaving behind their land and property. Over 500 Palestinian villages were either completely or partially destroyed. As a result, Palestinians became refugees, living in camps both within Palestine and in neighboring countries such as Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and the Gaza Strip.

On May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence, establishing itself on lands that were previously part of historic Palestine. This declaration marked a turning point in the Palestinian struggle, as the Nakba became a central part of Palestinian identity and the ongoing conflict over land, rights, and sovereignty.

UN Resolution 194 (1948 CE):

In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 194, reaffirming the right of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes from which they had been displaced during the Nakba. The resolution also called for their right to live in peace with their neighbors and stipulated compensation for those who chose not to return or whose property had been damaged during their displacement.

Additionally, the resolution proposed the establishment of an International Conciliation Commission to help resolve the conflict and find a lasting solution. Resolution 194 remains a critical legal reference for the right of return of Palestinian refugees, although Israel has consistently rejected its implementation, and ongoing challenges continue to hinder its application.

Rodos Agreement (1949 CE):

The Rodos Agreement refers to a series of negotiations held in 1949 between Israel and its neighboring Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon), mediated by the United Nations. The goal was to halt the fighting and resolve the conflicts that erupted following the declaration of the State of Israel in May 1948, which marked the beginning of the First Arab-Israeli War.

The negotiations took place on the Greek island of Rhodes, leading to a series of ceasefire agreements between Israel and each of the Arab states involved in the conflict. The primary outcome was the establishment of ceasefire lines, which demarcated the separation between Israeli and Arab forces.

While the agreements temporarily ended military operations, they did not provide a comprehensive resolution to the broader conflict or address critical issues such as the rights of Palestinian refugees and the status of Jerusalem. These unresolved matters were left for future negotiations, which would continue to fuel tensions in the years that followed.

The Law of Return (1950 CE):

In 1950, Israel enacted the Law of Return, granting every Jewish person worldwide the right to immigrate to Israel and obtain Israeli citizenship.

The law is based on the principle of "return," which ensures that any Jew can become an Israeli citizen upon arrival in Israel, regardless of their country of residence or legal status in their home country. The law applies to anyone recognized as Jewish according to Jewish religious definitions, typically those born to a Jewish mother or those who have formally converted to Judaism. It also extends to the children and grandchildren of Jews, allowing family members who are not Jewish according to religious definitions to immigrate to Israel and acquire citizenship under this law.

The Law of Return played a significant role in encouraging Jewish immigration to Israel, particularly in the years following the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. It facilitated the absorption of Jewish immigrants from various parts of the world, contributing to rapid demographic changes in Israel and the expansion of its Jewish population.

Founding of Fatah Movement (1959 CE):

The founding of the Fatah Movement in 1959 was a significant moment in Palestinian history, led by a group of Palestinians, including Yasser Arafat, with the aim of resisting Israeli occupation and striving for the liberation of Palestine. The movement emerged in a period of great challenge, following the Arab defeat in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, which had resulted in the displacement of many Palestinians and the creation of harsh conditions in refugee camps. During this time, many Palestinians felt a sense of hopelessness due to the lack of a strong political organization to represent their interests.

Fatah was influenced by the ideology of armed resistance and its primary goal was the liberation of Palestinian territory from Israeli occupation through military action and armed struggle. Initially, the movement concentrated on fedayeen operations—cross-border raids and attacks on Israeli military targets. These actions resonated with the Palestinian population, both within Palestine and in the diaspora, gaining Fatah significant popular support.

By 1965, Fatah had solidified its position as one of the leading forces within the Palestinian political and military landscape. This set the stage for Fatah's central role in the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and its prominence within the broader Palestinian national movement.

 The Naksa (1967 CE):

The Six-Day War broke out between Israel and a coalition of Arab states, including Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, from June 5 to June 10, 1967. The conflict ended in a decisive Israeli victory, leading to the occupation of significant Arab territories, which is referred to as the Naksa (meaning "setback" in Arabic).

As a result of the war, Arab forces suffered a crushing defeat, and Israel gained control of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, which had been under Jordanian and Egyptian control, respectively. This led to the displacement of tens of thousands of Palestinians, exacerbating the refugee crisis. In addition to Palestinian territories, Israel also occupied the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the Golan Heights from Syria, and East Jerusalem, which was considered the capital of Palestine.

The war fundamentally changed the geopolitical dynamics of the region, significantly expanding Israel’s territorial control and intensifying its occupation of Palestinian lands. The Naksa became a pivotal moment in the Palestinian struggle for sovereignty and territorial integrity, leaving a legacy of occupation that continues to shape the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

The Khartoum Resolutions -The Three No's (1967 CE)

The Khartoum Resolutions refer to the decisions made by Arab states during the Arab League Summit in Khartoum, Sudan, in September 1967, following the defeat of the Arab countries in the Six-Day War (June 1967). During this summit, three key resolutions, known as the "Three No's," were issued: "No to peace with Israel, no to recognition of Israel, and No to negotiations with Israel."

These resolutions reflected the Arab position of rejecting any form of settlement or compromise with Israel after their military defeat, especially in light of Israel’s continued occupation of Palestinian, Syrian, and Egyptian territories. The primary objective of the resolutions was to emphasize that peace, recognition, or negotiations with Israel would only be possible if Israel fully withdrew from the territories it had occupied during the 1967 war, which included the West Bank, Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights.

The Khartoum Resolutions became a landmark statement in the Arab world, signaling that peace with Israel would be contingent upon its withdrawal from the occupied territories.

UN Security Council Resolution 242 (1967 CE):

On November 22, 1967, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 242, aimed at establishing a framework for peace in the Middle East following the 1967 Six-Day War. The resolution is based on the principle of "land for peace," calling for Israel to withdraw from territories occupied during the conflict, while emphasizing the right of all states in the region to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries. Additionally, it calls for a just settlement of the refugee problem, laying the groundwork for negotiations toward a comprehensive peace agreement.

While Resolution 242 has been a cornerstone of subsequent peace efforts, its ambiguous language, particularly regarding the extent of withdrawal and the status of Jerusalem, has led to differing interpretations and ongoing disputes over its implementation.

 Battle of Al-Karama (1968 CE):

The Battle of Al-Karama took place on March 21, 1968, between Israeli forces and a coalition of the Jordanian Army and Palestinian freedom fighters from the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), led by the Fatah Movement. The battle occurred in the Al-Karama area, near Jericho in the West Bank, after Israel launched a large-scale offensive aimed at destroying Palestinian fedayeen (guerrilla) camps, which were being used as bases for cross-border attacks against Israel.

Despite being heavily outnumbered and facing intense Israeli firepower, the Jordanian army, in coordination with Palestinian fighters, managed to inflict unexpected losses on Israeli forces and halt their advance. Although Israel claimed it achieved its objectives, it withdrew from the battlefield without securing a decisive victory, marking a symbolic success for the Palestinians and Jordan.

The battle became a turning point for the Palestinian resistance, boosting the morale of both the Palestinian people and the Arab world following the 1967 Six-Day War defeat. It also elevated the status of Fatah and the PLO, positioning them as central figures in the Palestinian national movement and reinforcing their role in the broader struggle against Israeli occupation.

While militarily inconclusive, the Battle of Al-Karama emerged as a psychological victory that demonstrated the capacity of Arab forces to resist Israeli aggression. It inspired greater Arab solidarity and framed the Palestinian struggle as a symbol of defiance against imperialism and occupation.

Establishment of UNRWA (1949 CE):

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) was established by UN General Assembly Resolution 302 on December 8, 1949. Its creation followed the Nakba (catastrophe) of 1948, which resulted in the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians during the Arab-Israeli War. UNRWA’s primary mandate was to provide humanitarian aid and relief services to Palestinian refugees across the Middle East.

Operations began on May 1, 1950, focusing on food assistance, shelter, health care, and education. Over time, the agency expanded its services, establishing schools, vocational training centers, and employment programs aimed at helping refugees achieve self-reliance.

As the Palestinian refugee crisis persisted, UNRWA’s mandate was repeatedly renewed by the UN General Assembly. The agency remained a critical lifeline during periods of regional instability, including the 1967 Six-Day War, which led to further displacement, and subsequent conflicts in Lebanon, Syria, and Gaza. It also adapted to emergencies, providing shelter, food aid, and reconstruction support during times of war and political unrest.

Today, UNRWA continues to serve 5.9 million registered Palestinian refugees across Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. It operates schools for over 500,000 students, offers health services through clinics and hospitals, and delivers emergency relief during crises. Despite facing funding shortages and political challenges, including the 2018 U.S. funding cut, UNRWA remains vital to the welfare and stability of Palestinian refugees.

The agency’s work is closely tied to UN General Assembly Resolution 194 (1948), which affirms Palestinian refugees’ right of return and reparations. While UNRWA was established as a temporary measure, its ongoing operations underscore the absence of a political solution to the refugee crisis and the international community’s recognition of Palestinian refugees’ plight.

UNRWA stands not only as a provider of essential services but also as a symbol of the Palestinian struggle for justice, rights, and a dignified future.

The Palestine Liberation Organization (1964 CE):

The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was established on May 28, 1964, following a decision by the Arab League during the Cairo Summit. Its creation aimed to unify Palestinian efforts in confronting Israeli occupation and achieving the national rights of the Palestinian people, including self-determination and statehood.

The PLO adopted the Palestinian National Charter, which emphasized the liberation of Palestine and the establishment of an independent Palestinian state. Initially focusing on armed struggle, the organization gained widespread support among Palestinians and emerged as their representative voice in the regional and international arenas.

In 1974, the Arab League officially recognized the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people, a status later reaffirmed by the United Nations General Assembly. That same year, the UN granted the PLO observer status, enabling it to participate in UN debates and advocate for Palestinian rights globally.

The PLO has since served as the central coordinating body for political, diplomatic, and military efforts, acting as the primary channel for Palestinian engagement with international bodies such as the United Nations and regional organizations. Over the decades, the PLO has evolved into a key actor in peace negotiations, including the signing of the Oslo Accords in the 1990s, which led to the establishment of the Palestinian Authority.

Despite facing challenges and divisions, the PLO remains a symbol of Palestinian unity and continues to advocate for freedom, justice, and statehood in global forums.

Black September (1970 CE):

Black September refers to the violent confrontations that erupted in September 1970 between the Jordanian army and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), primarily the Fatah movement led by Yasser Arafat. The clashes arose from escalating tensions over the growing influence of Palestinian factions in Jordan, which had established autonomous zones and challenged Jordanian sovereignty.

The situation reached a breaking point after hijackings of international planes by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and a failed assassination attempt on King Hussein. These events prompted the Jordanian government to launch a military crackdown to regain control.

On September 16, 1970, King Hussein declared martial law, and the Jordanian army launched a large-scale offensive against Palestinian fighters in Amman and other cities, including Palestinian refugee camps. The fighting resulted in thousands of casualties, including civilians.

The conflict ended in July 1971, after further clashes and negotiations mediated by Arab states, leading to the PLO’s expulsion from Jordan to Lebanon. These events marked a turning point in the Palestinian struggle, shifting the center of Palestinian armed resistance to Lebanon and influencing regional politics for decades to come.

Rabat Conference (1974 CE):

The Rabat Conference, held in Rabat, Morocco, from October 26–30 1974, marked a pivotal moment for the Palestinian cause on both Arab and international levels. The conference followed the October War of 1973, which had yielded political and military gains for Arab states, enabling them to exert greater diplomatic pressure globally

A historic decision was made during the summit, officially recognizing the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. This recognition consolidated the PLO’s authority and legitimacy, setting the stage for its expanded role in international diplomacy.

The conference also reaffirmed support for the Palestinian right to self-determination and emphasized the need to establish an independent Palestinian state in the occupied Palestinian territories. Additionally, it established an Arab committee tasked with coordinating diplomatic efforts and engaging with international powers to achieve a just resolution to the Palestinian issue.

The Rabat Conference strengthened the leadership of the PLO and enhanced the stature of Yasser Arafat, who emphasized Arab unity and renewed calls for solidarity in advancing the Palestinian cause. This recognition helped the PLO secure observer status at the United Nations later in 1974, marking a turning point in its pursuit of international recognition.

Camp David Accords (1978 CE):

The Camp David Accords were signed in September 1978 between Egypt and Israel, with the mediation of U.S. President Jimmy Carter. This agreement marked a pivotal moment in the Arab-Israeli conflict, coming after the October War of 1973. In 1977, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat made a groundbreaking visit to Israel, initiating direct dialogue and signaling Egypt's willingness to pursue peace with Israel.

The Accords consisted of two main parts: one that addressed Egyptian concerns and another focused on the broader Arab-Israeli conflict. On the Egyptian side, the agreement called for Israel's full withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula and the return of the area to Egyptian sovereignty within three years. In return, Egypt and Israel agreed to establish full diplomatic relations, marking a significant shift in the region’s diplomatic landscape.

Regarding the Palestinian issue, the Accords proposed granting self-rule to the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip for a five-year transitional period. This period was meant to allow for negotiations about the final status of these territories. The agreement also envisioned the eventual establishment of an independent Palestinian state. However, the vague language and lack of a clear timetable for such a state, coupled with Israel's continued military presence in the territories, led to widespread frustration among Palestinians and many Arab states, who felt that the agreement did not sufficiently address their aspirations for sovereignty.

Although the Camp David Accords successfully led to a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, the Palestinian question remained largely unresolved, resulting in ongoing resentment within the Arab world. While Egypt became the first Arab state to officially recognize Israel, the Accords did not lead to the broader peace that many had hoped for, particularly with respect to the Palestinian territories.

Sabra and Shatila Massacre (1982 CE):

The Sabra and Shatila massacre took place between September 16-18, 1982, during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. The massacre targeted the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps, located in West Beirut, which housed Palestinian refugees displaced by the 1948 Nakba and subsequent conflicts. The events unfolded after the Israeli army surrounded the camps and permitted armed groups from the Lebanese Phalangist militia and the South Lebanon Army (SLA) to enter the camps under the pretext of searching for members of the Palestinian resistance.

Over the course of three days, hundreds to thousands of civilians, primarily Palestinian, along with some Lebanese nationals, were brutally killed. Estimates of the death toll vary widely, with figures ranging from 700 to 3,500 due to the challenges of documenting the massacre at the time, compounded by the chaos of the Lebanese Civil War.

At the time, Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon and other high-ranking officials were accused of complicity in the massacre, as the Israeli forces maintained control of the area and facilitated the entrance of the Phalangists into the camps. Although Sharon and the Israeli leadership were aware of the violence unfolding, no immediate action was taken to intervene and prevent the massacre. This led to the formation of the Kahan Commission, an Israeli inquiry committee tasked with investigating the events. The Commission acknowledged the Israeli army's indirect responsibility but stopped short of holding any individuals accountable, and no criminal charges were brought against Israeli officials.

The Sabra and Shatila massacre remain a traumatic and painful chapter in both Palestinian and Lebanese history, symbolizing the brutal impact of the Israeli occupation and the exploitation of Palestinian refugee camps during the Lebanese Civil War. The event serves as a reminder of the humanitarian cost of ongoing conflict and the vulnerability of displaced populations in war zones

The First Palestinian Intifada (1987 CE):

The First Palestinian Intifada erupted in the occupied Palestinian territories in December 1987, also known as the Intifada of Stones. It was a direct response to Israeli occupation practices, including arbitrary arrests, torture, house demolitions, military pursuits, and harsh political and economic conditions in the region.

The uprising began with non-violent resistance, including protests, civil disobedience, and the symbolic use of stones to confront Israeli soldiers. Over time, the nature of the resistance became more diverse, and armed resistance emerged as one of the prominent tactics employed by Palestinian factions.

The intensity of the Intifada declined in 1993, largely due to the severe Israeli military response, which resulted in significant Palestinian casualties, including many martyrs and wounded individuals. Israel also imposed stricter restrictions on movement and trade, further exacerbating the difficult conditions.

Following the suppression of the Intifada, attention turned toward pursuing a peaceful resolution to the conflict, culminating in the Oslo Accords in 1993. The accords were a major diplomatic effort aimed at addressing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, although they did not resolve all the underlying issues. The First Intifada remains a pivotal moment in the Palestinian struggle, marking a shift toward widespread Palestinian activism and bringing greater international awareness to their cause.

Oslo Agreement (1993 CE):

On September 13, 1993, the Oslo Accords were signed in Oslo, Norway, between the Israeli government and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The aim of the accords was to promote peace between the two sides after many years of conflict. The agreement was reached through international mediation, with Norway playing a key role in facilitating the negotiations. On the Palestinian side, Yasser Arafat, Chairman of the PLO, signed the agreement, while on the Israeli side, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was the signatory.

The key provisions of the Oslo Accords included mutual recognition between both sides, a gradual Israeli withdrawal from certain Palestinian areas, and the establishment of Palestinian self-government. As a result, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) was created to assume limited authority over parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

The Oslo Accords marked a historic shift in Israeli-Palestinian relations, providing a framework for future negotiations and the potential for a two-state solution. However, the agreement faced significant challenges and did not lead to a final peace settlement, as key issues, such as the status of Jerusalem, refugees, and settlements, remained unresolved. Tensions continued in the years that followed, and the peace process faced setbacks, leading to frustrations on both sides.

Establishment of the Palestinian Authority (1994 CE):

Following negotiations between the Palestinians and Israel—most notably the Oslo Accords of 1993 and 1995—the Palestinian Authority (PA) was established in 1994 as a transitional self-governing body to administer parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

In May 1994, the PA assumed partial control over Gaza and Jericho under the Gaza–Jericho Agreement, and Yasser Arafat returned to the Palestinian territories in July 1994 after years in exile to lead the PA. The Oslo process aimed to pave the way for a final status agreement addressing issues like Jerusalem, borders, refugees, and security within five years, but these negotiations stalled, leaving key issues unresolved.

While the PA made notable progress in education, health, and infrastructure, its efforts were hindered by Israeli restrictions, economic dependency, and internal divisions. The peace process broke down following the Camp David Summit in 2000 and the eruption of the Second Intifada (2000–2005). Subsequent events, including Hamas’s 2006 electoral victory and the 2007 political split between Gaza and the West Bank, further undermined the PA’s authority and left Palestinians without a final settlement to the conflict.

 The Second Palestinian Intifada (2000- 2005 CE):

On September 28, 2000, the Second Palestinian Intifada, also known as the "Al-Aqsa Intifada", erupted following a controversial visit to the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound in Jerusalem by Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon. The visit, viewed by Palestinians as a provocative assertion of Israeli sovereignty over the holy site, sparked widespread protests and clashes.

. The violence continued to grow and led to intense confrontations. The intifada lasted until 2005 and witnessed the emergence of more violent tactics from the Palestinian side, including suicide bombings and armed attacks.

What began as demonstrations quickly escalated into a sustained uprising marked by violent confrontations between Palestinians and Israeli forces. The intifada lasted until 2005 and saw the intensification of tactics on both sides. Palestinian groups employed methods such as suicide bombings and armed attacks, while Israel launched military operations, including targeted assassinations, curfews, and incursions into Palestinian cities.

The Second Intifada resulted in thousands of casualties and widespread destruction, leading to the collapse of peace talks and further entrenching mistrust and hostilities. It marked a turning point in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, deepening divisions and undermining efforts to achieve a negotiated settlement.

The Martyrdom of Palestinian President Yasser Arafat (2004 CE):

Yasser Arafat, the long-time leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Palestinian Authority (PA), passed away on November 11, 2004, at the Percy Military Hospital in France following a sudden and unexplained deterioration in his health.

Arafat fell seriously ill in late October 2004 and was transferred to Paris for specialized medical treatment, but his condition rapidly worsened, leading to his death.

Given Arafat’s prominent role in the Palestinian national movement and his international stature, his death raised widespread speculation about its cause. While official medical reports cited a stroke resulting from a blood disorder, other theories suggested poisoning as a possibility. Investigations—including tests on his personal belongings—later pointed to the potential presence of radioactive polonium-210, although conclusive evidence remains disputed.

Arafat’s death marked a significant loss for the Palestinian people, as he had served as a symbol of their struggle for self-determination for decades. His passing also triggered political shifts, impacting internal Palestinian politics and relations with the Arab world and the international community. Despite his death, Yasser Arafat continues to be regarded as a historic figure and a symbol of Palestinian resistance.

Gaza Blockade (2007 CE):

In 2007, following internal Palestinian conflicts between Hamas and Fatah, Hamas seized control of the Gaza Strip. In response, Israel imposed a blockade on Gaza, citing security concerns and Hamas's refusal to recognize Israel and renounce violence. The blockade was also supported by the United States, the European Union, and other international actors, which imposed political and economic sanctions on Gaza due to Hamas's classification as a terrorist organization by these entities.

The blockade involved strict restrictions on the movement of goods and people through Gaza’s border crossings and enforced land, sea, and air controls. Gaza also faced repeated Israeli military operations and airstrikes, resulting in severe damage to homes, hospitals, and vital infrastructure, including water and electricity networks.

The blockade has triggered a humanitarian crisis, causing shortages of basic goods, medical supplies, and fuel, further deepening the suffering of Gaza’s 2.3 million residents. Despite repeated calls from international organizations to ease restrictions, the blockade remains in place, with dire social and economic consequences for the Palestinian population.

Gaza War (2008 CE):

Operation Cast Lead was a large-scale Israeli military offensive launched on December 27, 2008, in response to rocket fire and mortar attacks by Hamas and other Palestinian factions targeting Israeli cities and towns. The stated objective of the operation was to eliminate Hamas’s military capabilities and reduce the threat to Israeli civilians.

The operation began with intensive airstrikes targeting Hamas military installations, government offices and weapons storage facilities. It was followed by a ground invasion aimed at further degrading Hamas’s infrastructure and disrupting its rocket-launching capabilities.

The 21-day conflict resulted in the deaths of approximately 1,400 Palestinians, including civilians, and caused extensive damage to homes, hospitals, schools, and critical infrastructure in Gaza. On the Israeli side, 13 people were killed, including 3 civilians and 10 soldiers, some due to friendly fire. Palestinian militants also launched hundreds of rockets and mortars into Israeli territory during the fighting.

The offensive drew international criticism, with human rights organizations accusing Israel of using disproportionate force and committing possible violations of international law. Calls for independent investigations into the conduct of both parties were widely supported by the United Nations and various international organizations.

The operation ended with a unilateral Israeli ceasefire on January 18, 2009, followed by a Hamas ceasefire the next day. However, the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, worsened by the Israeli blockade and infrastructure destruction, persisted long after the fighting stopped, fueling ongoing tensions and periodic escalations in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Freedom Flotilla (2010 CE):

The Freedom Flotilla was a group of ships organized by international humanitarian and human rights organizations to deliver essential aid to the blockaded Gaza Strip. The flotilla set sail in May 2010 with the goal of breaking the Israeli siege on Gaza, which had been in effect since 2007. Its mission was to raise awareness about the humanitarian suffering caused by the blockade and to provide vital supplies to the people of Gaza. The flotilla carried goods such as food, medicine, and construction materials, intended to alleviate the hardships faced by Gaza's residents.

The flotilla consisted of six ships, with the most prominent being the Turkish-flagged Mavi Marmara. The ships carried approximately 10,000 tons of humanitarian supplies, and over 700 activists from 37 countries participated in the effort, including politicians, journalists, and human rights advocates.

On May 31, 2010, the Israeli military intercepted the ships while they were in international waters, around 130 kilometers from the Gaza coast. Israeli commandos boarded the Mavi Marmara, leading to violent clashes with the activists. The confrontation resulted in the deaths of 10 Turkish activists, with several others injured. The incident provoked international condemnation of Israel’s use of force against unarmed civilians in international waters. The attack also significantly worsened Israeli-Turkish relations, with Turkey accusing Israel of disproportionate violence and violations of international law.

First Cairo Agreement (2011 CE):

The Cairo Agreement, signed in 2011, was one of the most significant efforts to end the political division between Fatah and Hamas and achieve national reconciliation. It resulted from a series of Egyptian efforts to bring Palestinian factions together and reunite the internal front. The agreement's key provisions included the formation of a national consensus government to temporarily manage Palestinian affairs, preparations for legislative and presidential elections, the rebuilding of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to include all factions, and the unification of security forces in the West Bank and Gaza. Despite the signing of the agreement, however, its provisions were never fully implemented.

Palestine as a non-member observer state to the United Nations (2012 CE):

On November 29, 2012, the United Nations General Assembly recognized Palestine as a non-member observer state under resolution 67/19. The resolution was supported by 138 countries, opposed by 9, and 41 countries abstained. This recognition marked a significant step in enhancing Palestine's status on the international stage, allowing it to participate in general debates at the UN and join various international organizations and treaties, including the International Criminal Court. The recognition followed years of Palestinian diplomatic efforts to gain international support for the establishment of an independent Palestinian state within the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital.

Beach Camp Agreement (2014 CE):

A Palestinian reconciliation agreement was signed on April 23, 2014, at the Beach Camp in Gaza City between the Fatah and Hamas movements. This agreement was a renewed effort to end the Palestinian division that began in 2007 and to rebuild Palestinian national unity.

Key provisions of the agreement included the formation of a national consensus government with the participation of all factions and the holding of legislative and presidential elections within six months of the signing. The agreement also aimed to address the issue of Gaza government employees appointed after 2007, rebuild the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the legitimate representative of all Palestinian factions, and transfer all government institutions in Gaza to the national consensus government. However, the provisions were not fully implemented, leaving the Palestinian division unresolved to this day.

Gaza War (2014 CE):

Operation Protective Edge was a military operation launched by Israel on the Gaza Strip on July 8, 2014, targeting Hamas and other Palestinian factions. The operation followed escalating rocket attacks from Gaza into Israeli territories, amid rising tensions between the two sides. These tensions were exacerbated by the abduction and killing of three Israeli settlers in the West Bank in June 2014, and the killing of a Palestinian in East Jerusalem in the same month. Israel declared the operation's goal as the destruction of offensive tunnels used by Palestinian militants for attacks across the border and the cessation of rocket fire from Gaza into Israeli cities. The operation began with intensive airstrikes on targets in Gaza, followed by a ground invasion of several areas of the Strip. The operation lasted over 50 days, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of Palestinians and thousands of injuries, predominantly among civilians. Many buildings and vital infrastructure in Gaza were destroyed. In response, Palestinian factions fired rockets at Israel, killing dozens of Israelis.

 Palestine as a member state to the Rome Statute (2015 CE):

As part of its efforts to strengthen its legal and international standing, Palestine’s request to join the International Criminal Court (ICC) was accepted on April 1, 2015. Through its membership in the ICC, Palestine was able to file cases against Israel related to war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, including military attacks on civilians, settlement expansion in occupied territories, and the forced displacement of Palestinians.

This membership provided the Palestinian Authority and the Palestinian cause with a legal tool to pursue accountability for Israeli officials internationally, which was seen as a crucial step in the pursuit of international justice. Despite Israel’s refusal to recognize the ICC’s jurisdiction over its territory, Palestine continues to use this membership to press the international community for greater protection for Palestinians.

 U.S. Embassy Relocation Decision (2017 CE):

On December 6, 2017, the administration of U.S. President Donald Trump announced the recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital and directed the relocation of the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. This decision contradicted long-standing U.S. policy, which had supported resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through negotiations, with Jerusalem envisioned as a shared capital for both Israel and a future Palestinian state within a two-state solution framework.

The move came amid rising regional tensions and sparked widespread Palestinian, Arab, and international protests. Palestinians viewed it as an attempt to alter the legal status of Jerusalem and impose Israeli sovereignty over the city, which they claim as the capital of their future state. The decision was strongly rejected by much of the international community, including the European Union and the United Nations, both of which affirmed that the status of Jerusalem should be determined through negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians.

In contrast, Israel welcomed the decision, viewing it as a recognition of its sovereignty over the city. The embassy relocation led to heightened tensions in Gaza and the West Bank, with violent clashes between Palestinians and Israeli forces, resulting in numerous fatalities and injuries.

In response to this development, Palestine brought the matter before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), requesting an advisory opinion on the legal status of Jerusalem and the consequences of the U.S. embassy move. The case highlighted the broader international debate about Jerusalem’s status under international law, including United Nations resolutions that call for Jerusalem to remain a city with special international status. The ICJ case emphasized the ongoing dispute and the necessity of a negotiated solution to determine the city's final status.

The Deal of the Century (2020 CE):

On January 28, 2020, former U.S. President Donald Trump and his administration proposed a “peace plan” aimed at resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The plan sought to establish a framework for a two-state solution but was met with widespread Palestinian rejection. Among its most controversial provisions was the recognition of Jerusalem as the undivided capital of Israel, which directly contradicted Palestinian demands for East Jerusalem to serve as the capital of their future state. The plan also outlined the potential annexation of Israeli settlements in the West Bank, including the Jordan Valley, and promised significant financial incentives to support the Palestinian economy. However, it did not grant Palestinians full sovereignty over their lands. Instead, Palestinians would be offered the opportunity to establish a state with temporary borders in parts of the West Bank and Gaza, but without control over key areas. Palestinians viewed the plan as biased in favor of Israel, as it overlooked their fundamental rights, including the right of return for refugees and the right to self-determination.

 gaza war (2021 CE):

In May 2021, the Gaza Strip witnessed a large-scale Israeli military aggression that lasted for 11 days, beginning on May 10. The escalation was triggered by rising tensions in Jerusalem, particularly in the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood and at the Al-Aqsa Mosque. In response, Israel launched hundreds of airstrikes on Gaza, targeting residential areas, infrastructure, and militant positions, resulting in the martyrdom of more than 250 Palestinians, including many women and children, and thousands of injuries. The airstrikes caused extensive damage to homes, residential towers, hospitals, and roads, leaving large portions of Gaza devastated.

In return, Palestinian factions, including Hamas, launched thousands of rockets into Israeli cities and settlements, causing casualties and significant disruption to daily life in many parts of Israel, particularly in southern and central areas. The aggression finally ended after intense international and regional pressure, leading to a ceasefire agreement mediated by Egypt on May 21, 2021.

gaza war (2023 - Ongoing)

On October 7, 2023, Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israeli cities, leading to casualties and injuries among Israelis. In response, Israel initiated a brutal and disproportionate military escalation, launching relentless airstrikes and ground operations against Gaza. The ongoing Israeli campaign has been described by many as genocidal, targeting Palestinian civilians, residential areas, and vital infrastructure with the intent of inflicting maximum harm. Over 40,000 Palestinians have been martyred, and thousands more injured, as Gaza's hospitals, schools, homes, and essential services are deliberately destroyed.

The scale of the violence and destruction in Gaza is unparalleled, with entire neighborhoods wiped out and much of the strip’s infrastructure rendered inoperable. The siege and systematic targeting of civilians have left hundreds of thousands of people displaced, with no access to food, medicine, or shelter. As Israel continues its campaign of extermination, the international community has failed to halt the assault, while some Arab and international countries have shown solidarity with the Palestinian people. Meanwhile, Israel's policies have faced widespread condemnation as a violation of international law and a blatant act of genocide.